His Eyes and Ears A Life Experience Essay - 1226 Words

The early morning dew is lingering in the air, the sunrise slowly creeps into the sky, it’s seven twenty-five am, and he has finally arrived. I hurry to the bus doors as they open, and I greet him with a big, sincere smile. His special grin that is engraved in my heart returns the gesture. His eyes dart to the ground as the sun’s ray sting his eyes. Shielding his eyes, I provide enough comfort for him to look up. I position my firm hand over his fragile hands offering guidance as we walk inside. He gladly accepts my hand, and together we climb the steps, and then stroll toward the door. Children of all ages greet us in hugs, high fives, and smiles. They direct a million questions at me. â€Å"Can he talk?† â€Å"What’s wrong with him?† â€Å"He talks†¦show more content†¦As we wait patiently in the long cafeteria line for him to clasp his tray of mouthwatering food, he starts noticing everyone is a different gender. â€Å"Girl,† he signs as he points at a student with long blonde hair. â€Å"Boy,† he signs as he directs his hand in the other direction towards a short brown-haired student. Although he can determine the gender of each child, I want so badly for him to know each child is more than their gender. I want so badly for him to be capable of giving each child a sign name. He just doesn’t realize that each person has a name that identifies them as a person, different from all the other boys and girls. â€Å"Apple juice or orange juice, which one?† I ask him in American Sign Language. â€Å"Apple juice,† he decides. Wait, did he just decide something for himself? I think twice about what he just signed. Yes, he did! I am filled with pride because he has finally made a decision all by himself! Never before had I seen him make a decision independently. He places the apple juice on his tray, grabs his cereal and milk, and with my assistance, we arrive at our chairs. Breakfast is eaten quickly, and we depart from the cafeteria. â€Å"Next?† He signs to me asking what activity is next in the routine. â€Å"First, we go to P.E. Then, we go to class.† â€Å"Dance! L’s Mom,† he signs back asking if he will get to dance with Landon’s mom, the P.E teacher. â€Å"Yes,† I assure him. We proceed to the gymnasium. As we approach the door to walk outside toShow MoreRelatedThe Video Examined Two Individuals With A Profound Loss Of Hearing And Vision868 Words   |  4 Pagesnoise but nothing was definite anymore, and all she wanted in life was to actually hear noise such as the running river and fully talk to her family. Due to her circumstance doctors decided to perform a surgery to permanently fix or better her hearing. For Kelly’s surgery doctors decided to permanently implant electrodes into her ear, by attaching an electrode array into the inner ear (cochlea) and a receiver which is placed behind the ear. By doing this each device will be connected to a magnet andRead MoreFrida Kahlo1164 Words   |  5 Pages In life art is not just a form of a hobby, but a passion. Art shows the emotion and inner expression of somebody with their goal as an artist. In the text Letters to a Young Artist by Anna Smith, Smith advises young artists to take everything from the world around them, and develop the eye, the ear, and the heart to create their art. Also, in the story â€Å"Zebra,† by Chaim Potok, the main character Adam Martin Zebrin, aka Zebra, encounters an injury and uses art to overcome his depression ofRead MoreParkinson s Disease1007 Words   |  5 PagesScientists generally agree that most cases of Parkinson’s disease result from some combination of nature and nurture the interaction between a people’s underlying genetic make-up and his or her life activities and environmental exposures. A simple way to describe this is that â€Å"genetics loads the gun and environment pulls the trigger.† In this formulation, â€Å"environment† has a very broad mea ning that is, it refers to any and all possible causes other than those that are genetic in origin. The interactionsRead MoreSensory System Essasy1389 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sensory System amp; Sensory Disorder The sensory system is the system the lets the human body experience life it is responsible for processing information. The system consist of receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain. The most recognize sensory are vision, hearing, taste, and smell. The sensory system is a component that is used to process sensory information. The receptors collect information that is called sensory information and it may lead to conscious awareness and when itRead MoreSpotting The Differences And Connections : Uta Hagen And Stanislavski1008 Words   |  5 Pagesseeing on the outside. He believed that this is what gave the play its life. â€Å"To me as a spectator, what was going on inside of you was of much greater interest. Those feelings, drawn from our actual experience, and transferred to our part, are what give life to the play† (Stanislavski 155). Stanislavski also said â€Å"†¦The inner experience came first and was then embodied in an external form† (Stanislavski 155). I believe that internal life does play a big part in acting, as I do also find myself enjoyingRead MoreThe Ocean Of The Sky1023 Words   |  5 Pagesto an entire half of our planet, or through the trees, peeking through every single direct pathway to the eye it can find. They see blue; the ocean reflecting with immense entirety onto the atmosphere. Most see much, much more than that, and I know this because for the larger half of my life I was a part of this creative, insightful majority. But then the tiny, insignificant half of my life suddenly began on one random day. On that day, when gazing into the day sky, I could see nothing. NothingRead MoreMy First Day Of My High School Career1221 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Autobiography Leaders aren’t born, but trained. Leaders aren’t elected, but developed. Life-long leadership comes from working on oneself in specific ways to better himself/herself so that he/she may attain their goal or that of their higher up leader. My story of this life-long process starts on the first day of my High School career. I sit in my first class of the day and a tall, demanding man marches into the room with a presence that sweep your attention not with whimsical beautyRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Vertigo764 Words   |  4 Pagesare not. Vertigo can be dangerous if you are doing something that could endanger yourself or others when you experience vertigo, such as driving. CAUSES This condition is caused by a disturbance in the signals that your body’s sensory systems send to your brain. There are many different causes of a disturbance that can lead to vertigo, including: †¢ Infections, especially in the inner ear. †¢ A bad reaction to a drug or misuse of alcohol and medicines. †¢ Withdrawal from drugs or alcoholRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1308 Words   |  6 Pagesrely heavily on the logic of good people doing good things and bad people doing bad things just for the sake of their nature. This is not the case since Shakespeare includesShakespeare’s writing, there is the added element of the human conscience in his writing. In this play, we can observe the sense of virtue that everyone has. For instance, we could look at Claudius in act three after watching The Mousetrap: Oh, my offence is rank. It smells to heaven; It hath the primal eldest curse upon’t, A brother’sRead MoreThe Most Famous Work Of Art1053 Words   |  5 PagesSiena. His most famous work of art is the Maesta Altarpiece located in the Cathedral of Siena. At that time, Siena was very competitive with Florence. The greatest Florentine painter was Giotto di Bondone. He was a couple years younger than Duccio. Giotto’s crowning achievement is a series of fresco murals painted in the Arena Chapel. Duccio and Giotto were two astonishing artists. Duccio’s Maesta and Giotto’s fresco painting in the Arena Chapel both tell us a narrative story of the life of The

Essay On Physician Assisted Death - 753 Words

It should be legal for patients suffering painful, incurable diseases to choose to have a physician assisted death. People die every day in the United States of long term illness, often while suffering massive amounts of pain and with extended hospital stays. According to the American Cancer Society in 2015 approximately sixteen hundred people died every day from cancer. Of those sixteen hundred people dying from cancer eighty percent died in the hospital, which can cost up to $10,000.00 to maintain a person in the Intensive Care Unit. Everyone may not opt to have a physician assisted death, but the choice should be there. Basic human rights are reason enough to legalize physician assisted death, however, by far not the only reason.†¦show more content†¦It is inhuman to continually allow a person to suffer when there is no chance of them improving. Even animals are put out of their misery when injured or sick beyond repair as to not prolong the suffering, humans should be a llowed that same option. Long term pain can severely affect a person, sometimes causing the patient to be mad and hateful without meaning to . Giving a person a choice to end their life while they still hold on to the personality they have always had is not for the government but for the patient. A dying person should not be tortured in the process unless they choose to be. Terminating ones life to escape from excruciating pain is an excellent reason to legalize Euthanasia. Perhaps the most import reason to legalize physician assisted suicide is for control, both for the patient and the doctor. Patients can gain control in an otherwise uncontrollable situation by allowing them to have the choice of when the stop fighting the illness, who they have by their side in the final moments and permitting them to make organ donation possible after death. In a controlled environment it is possible to allow a patient to opt for organ donation as they do in some countries already after being assisted to die. Feeling like their life and death has some meaning or purpose comforts a lot of dying patients. The controlled atmosphere can allow for theShow MoreRelatedEssay On Physician Assisted Death1340 Words   |  6 Pagespatients in the United States waiting for the day that they will succumb to death.† Some are bed ridden, some are constantly consumed with systemic pain, some have no strength or desire to get out of bed and so they wait. They wait because they live in a state that says they do not have the right to die. Those who are healthy argue that it is immoral, ungodly and unethical for a medical doctor to practice physician assisted death. Government should not prohibit when and how terminally ill patients endRead MoreThe Ethics of Physician Assisted Death Essay3144 Words   |  13 Pagesaware of the medical predicaments that a physician would ultimately face while practicing medicine. Today, the oath has become an ethical code for the physicians to uphold and apply in their profession. Why is this phrase important enough to be included in this document? Some view this passage as the code that prohibits physicians from lending their abilities for the executions of prisoners. Others believe that his passage was written to prevent physicians from using their knowledge for murders. HoweverRead More The Death With Dignity Act and Physician Assisted Suicide Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe Death With Dignity Act and Physician Assis ted Suicide Introduction According to the American Medical Association (1996), physician-assisted suicide (PAS) occurs when a physician facilitates a patient’s death by providing either the means or the information necessary to aid in the patient performing the life-ending act. PAS has had a long and controversial history dating back to the ancient Greeks and Romans. They believed that there was no reason to prolong life if continued pain and sufferingRead MoreWe Should Have Physician-Assisted Death Essay examples1515 Words   |  7 Pagessuffering? â€Å"Physician-assisted death is defined as the physician providing the means for death, most often with a prescription. The patient not the physician will ultimately administer the lethal medication† (Braddock Tonelli, 1998) To better explain physician-assisted suicide, a situation in which a patient kills him-or herself, using means which have been supplied by the physician, with the physician being aware that the patient will use those means for the purposes of suicide. Physicians are trainedRead MoreEssay On The Relationship Between Party Id And Ideology On Physician Assisted Death866 Words   |  4 PagesTo test the relationship between party id and ideology on physician assisted death I run two regressions using the statistical software SPSS. The survey data that is utilized comes from the Harris 2005 Public Opinion Survey Data. This survey is used because it is the only survey that I could find which conducted interviews with people nationwide. It is also utilized because it was the survey which had the most recent data available. This data was obtained from the ODUM Institute which is housed atRead MoreEssay about Legalizing Physician Assisted Suicide1074 Words   |  5 PagesFor hundreds of years we have developed a system where human beings establish and revise rules and regulations that help protect individual lives in our society. However this protection ends when it is time to die. Legalizing physician ass isted suicide is â€Å"It’s my life!† an expression that is commonly used at one point in most everyone’s life. Is it my life? Do I get to make all the choices that involve my life? More importantly, who is in charge of my body? Ultimately human beings believeRead MoreThe Ethics of Euthanasia Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pageshis misery, however in the state of North Carolina, physician-assisted suicide is illegal. Luckily, her father passed away this year and is finally free of pain and suffering. However, if physician-assisted suicide was legal, her father would not have had to suffer as long as he did. Before we explore the sides of physician-assisted suicide, let’s go over exactly what physician-assisted suicide entails. When the topic of physician-assisted suicide comes up, many individuals believe it is theRead More Physician-Assisted Suicide is Morally and Ethically Acceptable1160 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   The long time debate over medically assisted suicide, the presence of a doctor at a patient’s suicide, resurfaced again with the conviction of doctor Jack Kevorkian.   Kevorkian was convicted of second degree murder when he euthanized, or administered the injection himself, Thomas Youk on September 17, 1998.   Dr. Kevorkian, an advocate and practitioner of medically assisted suicides, has many opponents on the issue. Opponents say that it is unethical and even with the consent of the patientRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legalized1181 Words   |  5 Pagesbut still enduring the pain because it would be illegal to kill you. A survey taken in the United States has shown that 54% agree to physician assisted suicide or euthanasia. Euthanasia preserves rights of an individual, brings an end to the pain, and provides death with dignity. Even though others may disagree and say that its religiously incorrect, physician assisted suicide should be legali zed. In the United States, we have certain human rights and that includes the right to choose to endRead MoreSince The Fifteen Century, Society Has Viewed Suicide Or1178 Words   |  5 PagesSince the fifteen century, society has viewed suicide or intentional death as immoral. It was not until the twentieth century that these â€Å"immoral† attitudes were challenged. As of 2016, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Colombia have unambiguously legalized direct assisted dying. Other areas, having to undergo a process of either a judicial or legislative decision, include Canada, Japan, and Germany. Currently in the United States, following the same process of a judicial or legislative processes

Buddhism from a Philosophical Standpoint Free Essays

When one attempts to put religion under the inquiry of philosophy, there is an important thing that must be clarified. One must be aware that philosophy is both a science of systematic thinking and a way of life. As a science, philosophy explores the ultimate causes and purposes of all things that exist. We will write a custom essay sample on Buddhism from a Philosophical Standpoint or any similar topic only for you Order Now It entails adherence to rigorous logic and impassioned critique of nearly all things that may be put into question. Which is why, it is a strict rational science (if not the most rigorous one). However, one needs to equally remember that philosophy can also pertain to a principle about life, or a life-influencing belief system. To be sure, this second notion of philosophy enjoys more usage than the previous one nowadays. For instance, many self-help books promising to teach people new philosophies to help them emerge successful in life end up in bookstores as top-sellers and/or top-grosser. One can call both of them – the philosophic inquiry into things and the less rigorous adherence to some principles about life – as philosophies in their own respects. Studying religion from a philosophical standpoint entails an inquiry figuring in two levels as well. Religion must be seen both as a subject that can be assessed, and a way of life that has to be lived. As an object of philosophic inquiry, religion must be evaluated according to the tenets it holds or the doctrines it teaches. As a way of life, religion must be seen in the context of ritual or ethical practices stemming from a belief system. Thus, in studying religion, one is able to gather philosophical analyses from certain practices and beliefs. In a way, it is the result of combining the two basic understandings of philosophy into a single framework. Rationale and Methodology The aim of this paper is to present Buddhism from the standpoint of philosophy. This means that some of the basic questions that philosophy asks shall be answered in the light of what Buddhism teaches. What could those basic questions be? First, there is a question about ontology. Under this specific inquiry, one looks at how Buddhism perceives all things that exist. Next, there is cosmology; an inquiry which enables one to ask: how does Buddhism understand the world? Other concerns include anthropology (read: how do they understand man? ) and ethics (read: how do they assess what could be morally acceptable or not). But ultimately, since Buddhism is acknowledged as one of the major religions of the world right now, a philosophic inquiry should include exploring their basic notions about God; and thus, theology. After all, religion is essentially about a â€Å"belief in Spiritual Beings† (McCutcheon, 2007, p. 22) translated most frequently into a belief in a kind of God. Buddhism: History and Core Doctrines Buddhism is a religious movement which started approximately 500 years before Christ (Griffiths, 1997, p. 15). It first spread across most of the Indian peninsula, only to be dispersed outside the region later on. At present, its influence is embraced not just by Indians but also by those coming from countries which comprise the South and South East Asia region, a few areas in Japan and some provinces of China. It needs to be mentioned that Buddhism is a religious phenomenon characterized by diversity in forms and practices. Buddhism, says one author, is a â€Å"very differentiated† religion (Griffiths, 1997, p. 5). One may not find the same strain of Buddhism found, say, in South East Asia, and another one coming from, say, a southern province of India. Right now, there are a myriad of groups claiming to adhere to a unique practice of Buddhism on their own. In effect, it makes Buddhism a kind of religion that seems neither to teach nor require uniformity of doctrines from all its adherents. Buddhism is a religion that draws heavily from the inspiration lent by its recognized founder, Gautama Sakayamuni (later on to become Gautama Buddha) – a person who exemplified for them a life of total freedom and perpetual meditation in order to arrive at an utterly blissful state called Nirvana. By and large, it is about an adherence to a lifestyle that seeks authentic enlightenment; and not about a longing for the Transcendent which most religions of the world are concerned with. For this reason, some thinkers are entertaining the idea that Buddhism is, after all, â€Å"not a religion but a way of life† (Humphreys, 1997, p. 13). Buddhism, as many authors have noted, is a movement associated not so much with a set of doctrinal teachings as a â€Å"body of teachings with spiritual benefits† (Williams, 1989, p. 2). In fact, many Buddhism-inclined literatures encompass teachings not really about religious worship, but about way of living, ritual practices, devotional meditation (Mitchell, 2002, p. 1), among others. Owing much from the teachings which Gautama Buddha has left, Buddhism teaches that life is in a state of perpetual quest for enlightenment marked by a feeling of constant dissatisfaction (Williams, 1989, p. 34). Buddha himself was a testament to this. After leaving home at an early age, Gautama ventured on a life-journey to seek for enlightenment; a precious state he could not seem to find in the world as he got to know it. As he tried to quell the gripping loneliness and instinctive drive to satisfy pleasures, Gautama sought answer and solace through meditation. His meditation led him to see that impermanence, dissatisfaction and a fluid sense of self constitute the basic truths of reality (Williams, 1989, pp. 34-36). He further taught that a human person is really nothing, but only takes form as someone constituted by five different â€Å"aggregates† namely, â€Å"form (material constitution), sensation, perception, mental formations and consciousness† (Williams, 1989, p. 37). One should now that one of the chief elements that defines the uniqueness of Buddhism lies in how they consider all things to be illusory, since they subscribe to the idea that â€Å"things are not what they seem† (Griffiths, 1997, p. 20). Some of their other teachings about life include the following: value for the principle of moderation, belief in Karma and perpetual recurrence of everything that exists, belief in life’s four noble truths (life is suffering, the cause of suffering is cravings for pleasure, freedom from suffering is temperance from pleasures, and a way to stop suffering is by following the eight-fold path), and the practice of the noble eight-fold paths (right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right living, right conduct, right mindfulness and right concentration) in one’s life (Mitchell, 2002, pp. 45-47). A Philosophical Analysis Judging from the ideas raised in the Introduction of this work, it is clear that one must consider Buddhism a type of philosophy – that is, as a way of life. Many authors have already proceeded to claim that this particular religious phenomenon is chiefly characterized by the numerous practical precepts which serve as guides towards an enlightened living. It is good to note that Buddhism, pretty much like philosophy, is concerned with the pursuit of enlightenment or truth. An enlightened self – immortalized perhaps in Western Philosophy by Plato’s Allegory of the Cave – is surely the goal why one enters into philosophical discourses. In so far as Buddhism offers its own distinct ways to attain enlightenment as well, it is therefore with good reasons that one should classify this religion as philosophical in many ways. Buddhism however does not stop at stipulating suggestions for right living alone. As a system of belief, it also offers perspectives about the whole of reality. Like philosophical discourses, Buddhism is a belief system that speaks of its perspective about the ultimate realities like human existence, cosmology, human knowledge, ontology and theology. Surely, there is a need to look into these briefly Buddhism’s take on reality encourages an attitude of detachment on account of a belief that â€Å"everything is impermanent† (Griffiths, 1997, p. 16), and therefore in a state of constant flux. Much of Buddhism’s view about reality rests on the belief that the world is full of ‘diversity’, and the more is able to ‘reveal’ or appreciate it, the closer is one to the truth about the ever passing universe (Williams, 1989, p. 3). This idea is interestingly shared by an ancient Western philosopher that went by the name Heraclitus, who taught that â€Å"fire†- an element in a perpetual state of movement – is the basic element that constitutes reality. Buddhism, one need to remember, is not so much concerned with the rigorous definition of reality. But in so far it embraces an attitude of non-attachment in relating to all things, Buddhism has to anchor this belief system on a formidable reason – that one’s attachment over things is futile given the fact that all things pass away. In fact, most of what Buddhism teaches is drawn from this ontological belief; and this doctrine of impermanence must be seen as a recurrent theme in its whole system of perspective. As far as Epistemology is concerned, the doctrine of impermanence is also maintained. Buddhism teaches that nothing can be known with exact certitude because all things are ephemeral and thus, as mentioned a while ago, â€Å"they are not what they seem† (Griffiths, 1997, p. 19). Everything is subject to change and passes away. Thus, one may not arrive at a definitive knowledge about things at all. Which is why, Buddha maintained that â€Å"dissatisfaction† is a constant theme that defines the feelings of all who search for knowledge or truth (Mitchell, 2002, p. 33). No one is able to know what reality is; and its appearance is often misleading. One may notice that this epistemology is actually consistent with Buddhism’s anthropology, or, its understanding of human nature. If one checks the teachings of Buddha about man, one can clearly see the doctrine of impermanence as patent in it too. Buddha believes that human nature is nothing but a constitution of events called materiality, sensation, conceptualization, volition and consciousness (Griffiths, 1997, p. 20). This type of anthropology views man not as an existing individual substance (which most of Western Philosophy have understood what human nature is), but an â€Å"impermanent self† constituted by personal events (Griffith, 1997, p. 20). Cosmology for Buddhism follows the same line of logic. Constant flux is patent in its belief that the world follows a rhythm of birth and rebirth, of cycle and current, of existence and passage. The bulk of Buddhism’s teachings therefore solemnly enjoin its adherents to develop an attitude of detachment. Anchored on a belief that nothing in this world ever remains the same over a period of time, Buddhism points that the path towards Nirvana – or ultimate sense of bliss – lies in a state of total freedom from what this world actually offers. Lastly, it is quite interesting to point out that Buddhism rarely engages in a question about the ultimate reality or God. Broadly speaking, the whole philosophy of impermanence is at odds with a concept of deity. The general theory about God stipulates that ‘It† is a Supreme Being defined by eternality, omniscience, omnipotence and changelessness. In a belief system where the central truth about reality rests on the ephemeral nature of all things, the concept of God is really something hard to conceive (Griffiths, 1997, p. 22). How can there be such a Being when the general characteristic of all things – supposedly including God – is change and flux? More importantly, one can ask: how can one consider Buddhism a religion at all if one is not willing to reconcile its theology with its ontology? Griffith believes that the metaphysics of impermanence makes Buddhism deny the existence of God all together (Griffith, 1997, p. 23). But the image of Buddha as the exemplification of their quest for a transcendent end, translated in Nirvana, is perhaps the only figure of deity Buddhism actually posses. Conclusion Buddhism is both a philosophy and a religious movement. As a philosophy, it offers its adherents a way of life observed in a tradition marked by meditation, introspection, constant purgation of desire and an unending quest for enlightenment. As a religious movement, it is concerned with the pursuit of â€Å"transcendent ends† (Slater, 1978, p. 6) they call Nirvana. Buddhism offers its own understanding of reality too. Its doctrines are highly influenced by the teachings of its founder Gautama Buddha. In this paper, it has been noted that their belief system can also be evaluated under the categories which Western philosophy uses – metaphysics, epistemology, cosmology, anthropology and theology. These aspects are given meaning by a pervading concept of impermanence and dissatisfaction. Buddhism draws largely from a belief that everything in the world is impermanent, and that all people are enjoined to meet it with an attitude of detachment and self-control. The path towards true enlightenment happens only when one is able to see beyond what reality offers, and seek the true meaning of existence that lies only within. References Humphreys, C. (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Buddhism. Chicago: NTC. Griffiths, P. Buddhism. In Quinn, P. Taliaferro, C. (Eds. ), A Companion to Philosophy of Religion. Massachusetts: Blackwell. McCutcheon, R. (2007). Studying Religion. An Introduction. London: Equinox. Mitchell, D. (2002). Introducing the Buddhist Experience. New York: Oxford University Slater, P. (1978). The Dynamics of Religion. Meaning and Change in Religious Traditions. San Francisco: Harper and Row. Williams, P. (1989). Mahayana Buddhism. Doctrinal Foundations. New York: Routledge. How to cite Buddhism from a Philosophical Standpoint, Papers

Working and Developing Communities-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Working and Developing Communities. Answer: Introduction: Community service is basically the concept of helping people in need so that the work as a whole benefits a particular person or group of people of a particular area who are taken under consideration. It can concern the area of a persons residence, it can be a particular area of focus involving a particular area or locality. It can also refer to a particular type of area of focus mainly a village or a town which helps in the application of the models of community service. In general it is seen that a sense of community brings out the best in people and also inspires them to consciously do much more for themselves and for those people who are around them (Swanepoel De Beer, 2012). Empowerment in the areas of social development and community improvement leads to long lasting impacts in such cases. The main consideration in such instances of community service involves the socio-economic barriers which lead to poverty, crime, poor health conditions and also the underperformance of schools (Ife, 2013). Community of focus: The plan of action with respect to community development requires that there be a specific area that is a geographical background which needs to be considered in this particular situation. This area of focus can be a town or a suburb, a village or neighbourhood. In this particular study the main area of focus of the community service is taken to be a village. The reasons for choosing a village as an area to focus on for community change is because villages are deprived of certain basic facilities which the residents and the village as a whole should ideally receive (Flora, 2018). Villages face issues of gender equality, education, exposure, age related issues, farmers associations, issues of the minority community, children and women-centric issues, which ideally need to be addressed. Therefore villages need to be given their due importance and majority of the issues it has been facing in the realm of community development need to be addressed as fast as possible. Desired changes to the community: There are several issues in the concept of village development. All these issues are equally important. No issue is less crucial than another. Therefore it is desirable that there is an all round development of a village with special attention to all the aspects of community development. First and foremost there needs to be an inspired community. It is usually considered that even more than the infrastructural development of a village, there needs to be a focus on making the lives of the residents better with respect to the development of the village. In order to become a village which is a perfect model for social change, then the people of the village need to be inspired to participate in the improvement of their own lives and the communities. In case a community is willing to work together and keeps the improvement of their lives in mind, a village can be transformed from the negatives which it has been facing and there can be a proper quality of life which should ideally be the case in rural areas (Eversole, Barraket Luke, 2013). Another crucial change which can be implemented in the villages for proper development is the enrolment, engagement and proper empowerment of the people to actively take part in the construction of the village sand also to take part in the village level maintenance and operation. Villages need to be developed and maintained and the villages need to be encouraged to maintain the infrastructure which is being provided to the particular area. The villagers also need to be encouraged to create decision making bodies which help in the representation of their communities and also help in finding solutions to their problems (Green Haines, 2015). The villages also suffer due to the location they are placed at. This might be a cumbersome procedure as certain areas are prone to environmental hazards each year. Model of community work best suited to the desired change: There are three main models of community organisation and community development. These include focussing on the broader social approaches to human betterment, emphasis on the effective delivery of procedures and services, strengthening of community life and prevention of social ills. The three main models which are suited to the community change are the social planning model, social action model and the local development model. The social planning model is concerned with the rational, deliberately planned and technical procedure of solving problems which are a characteristic of the model. The degree of participation in the community might vary. It needs to be understood that the building capacity of the community or fostering fundamental social change is not a crucial goal of the specific model of community practice (Arensberg, 2017). The practitioners help in the practicing of the model assume that there is a disadvantaged segment of the people which needs to be organised to make demands on community at large. The crucial themes in this model include social justice, democracy, redistribution of power, resources and the concept of decision making (Berkes Ross, 2013). The local development model is based on the belief that for the effective implementation of change there need to be a wide variety of community people who should be involved in the planning, implementation and evaluation. The themes involved in this particular procedure involve that of democratic procedures, voluntary cooperation, development of leadership and educational objectives. From a proper study of all the three models which have been discussed above, it can clearly be stated that the locality development model is the ideal model which can be used in this context of community change and development (Chambers, 2014). Conclusion: In the recent times, there have been a number of forces which have changed the landscape of the family life, community life and the social life of the people in the community. Unless the villages prosper, the overall human race cannot develop. Therefore it is desirable that the villages are given as much importance as the cities. The all round development of the villages is desirable along with the educational growth of the children in all the rural parts. All in all community development is an important aspect which needs to be employed for the advancement of civilization as a whole References: Arensberg, C. M. (2017).Introducing social change: A manual for community development. Routledge. Berkes, F., Ross, H. (2013). Community resilience: toward an integrated approach.Society Natural Resources,26(1), 5-20. Chambers, R. (2014).Rural development: Putting the last first. Routledge. Eversole, R., Barraket, J., Luke, B. (2013). Social enterprises in rural community development.Community Development Journal,49(2), 245-261. Flora, C. B. (2018).Rural communities: Legacy+ change. Routledge. Green, G. P., Haines, A. (2015).Asset building community development. Sage publications. Ife, J. (2013).Community development in an uncertain world. Cambridge University Press. Swanepoel, H., De Beer, F. (2012).Community development: Breaking the cycle of poverty. Juta and Company Ltd.

Louis Armstrong Essay Example

Louis Armstrong Paper Ryan Au Duong Angulo ELA Honors 24, April 2012 Life of the King of Jazz â€Å"My whole musical success goes back to the time I was arrested†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Old 28). Louis Armstrong started off as a normal kid who lived in a poor family and environment, but ended up as one of the most influential entertainers in history all because of one mistake he made as a child, which changed his life. Louis Armstrong’s life was filled with events that built his musical skills, fame, and his well-being even though he did not start off very well. The environment he lived in as a child was not well suited and he had family problems.He was arrested as a child and was sent to the Home for Colored Waifs which made an enormous impact on his life (â€Å"Louis Armstrong†). His fame and musical skills began to grow when he joined the Creole Jazz Band in his adulthood. He made recordings of his songs, which some of them became big hits, to expand his fame even more. Louis Armstrong’s chi ldhood was difficult, but made him what he was later in life. Louis was born on August 4, 1901 in New Orleans, Louisiana (â€Å"Louis Armstrong†). New Orleans was a poor city (Old 17). His father was Louis Daniel Armstrong and his mother was Mayann Armstrong.Louis also had a brother, William Armstrong, and a sister, Beatrice Armstrong (â€Å"Armstrong, Louis†). His father abandoned the family when Louis was just an infant (â€Å"Louis Armstrong†). His mother had to turn to prostitution often to make money so she can support the family (â€Å"Louis Armstrong Biography†). The environment Louis had lived in had hookers, gangs, children playing on the streets, and musicians. He was surrounded by music when he was young (Old 16). He began to work for the Karnofsky family when he was seven years old (â€Å"Armstrong, Louis†).He also attended the Fisk School for Boys as a child. At the age of eleven on New Year’s Eve, Louis fired a gun which got hi m arrested (â€Å"Louis Armstrong Biography†). Who would have guessed that his arrest was the start of Louis Armstrong’s famous career? Louis was put in the Home for Colored Waifs where he fell in love with music and learned how to play a cornet from his music teacher, Peter Davis (â€Å"Louis Armstrong†). As an adult Louis Armstrong’s life and fame improved dramatically. Armstrong cherished his memories from the Home for Colored Waifs (Old 27).He married Daisy parker from Gretna, Louisiana, but got divorced after a few years (â€Å"Louis Armstrong†). He spent the rest of his life taking care of a mentally disabled child named Clarence, whose mother had died during child birth and whom Armstrong had adopted (â€Å"Louis Armstrong Biography†). In 1922, Joe Oliver invited Armstrong to the Creole Jazz band where Armstrong married the pianist Lil Hardin (â€Å"Armstrong, Louis† The). Oliver’s band was the most popular band in Chica go (â€Å"Louis Armstrong†). Joe Oliver became Louis Armstrong’s mentor and gave him his first real cornet (â€Å"Louis Armstrong†).Armstrong eventually switched to the trumpet though and featured in extended trumpet solos in their performances (â€Å"Louis Armstrong†). After 2 years, Armstrong left the Creole Jazz Band to join Fletcher Henderson’s band in 1924 (â€Å"Armstrong, Louis† The). Armstrong’s time with Fletcher Henderson’s band really expanded his music beyond traditional New Orleans style (â€Å"Armstrong, Louis†). Louis Armstrong played in Henderson’s band and on many recordings (â€Å"Louis Armstrong†). He also became the ambassador for jazz (â€Å"Armstrong, Louis†). Eventually, Armstrong started his own band called the â€Å"Hot Five† for recording purposes only (â€Å"Louis Armstrong†). Heebie Jeebies† was their first recording of scat singing (Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five†). Louis Armstrong recorded his last hit â€Å"What a Wonderful World† before he died of a heart attack in July 6, 1971 (â€Å"Louis Armstrong†). Among Louis Armstrong’s greatest contributions are his skills with the trumpet and cornet, and his idea for improvisation which changed the world of jazz. He made some great accomplishments in his life like joining Fletcher Henderson’s band, becoming the ambassador for jazz, starting the â€Å"Hot Five Band† and making recordings of his songs.The Creole Jazz Band really helped Armstrong’s fame grow because more people were able to listen to how he played on the cornet and trumpet. His greatest accomplishments were when he changed the course of jazz with the idea of improvisation and he was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Louis Armstrong was very much appreciated by society in his days. People recognized him as the world’s greatest trumpet and cornet player in the early 1920’s and 1930’s (Armstrong, Louis† The). Louis Armstrong was one of the most famous and influential performers in the history of jazz (Armstrong, Louis† The).He was even awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award for his genius idea of improvisation (â€Å"Armstrong, Louis† The). Louis Armstrong is remembered because of his skills with the trumpet and cornet, and for his great idea of improvisation which changed the world of jazz. His accomplishments revolutionized the world of jazz and how people thought about jazz. He will always be remembered as the king of jazz. Getting arrested was the best mistake Louis Armstrong has ever made in his lifetime.

Role of China and India in Asia Essay Example

Role of China and India in Asia Essay Example Role of China and India in Asia Essay Role of China and India in Asia Essay Throughout history there have been many nations who have had great influence on modern society, although none have been as impactful as China and India. From ancient to contemporary times the effect the two nations have over not only Asia but the entire world is acutely impressive by historical standards. In this essay the spread of language, religion, and economic growth created by China and India throughout history will be discussed along with the long-term effect of such development.The Spread of Language According to Backlund and Ivy (2008), A language is a system of symbols (words or vocabulary) governed by rules (grammar) and patterns (syntax) common to a community of people (p. 144). The usage of language in order to communicate began millions of years ago and evolved alongside the early hominids. China and India, two of the world’s oldest and most prosperous nations have had tremendous effects on neighboring countries for millions of years, which include the use of both verbal and written language.The 1961 Census revealed that 1,652 languages are used in India alone, with 18 of them being considered major languages of the world. The official language of the government and well-educated individuals is Hindi, although the numerous State Governments within India are free to select any of the many Indian languages as their official language. Sanskrit, the original and sacred language of India has greatly affected South Asia, specifically the Arabic language, which is essentially a derivative of Sanskrit.Mandarin Chinese, the official and most prevalent language of China, has over 873 million fluent speakers as of 2005. However, the effect China’s language has had on its neighboring countries throughout history has been even more remarkable than the sheer number of speakers the language houses. In 111 BCE the Han Empire held control over Vietnam for close to a millennium, greatly impacting the Vietnamese language and writing style. Furthermore, Korea also became affected by the Chinese language when taken over by Chinese leaders during the first century BCE.In addition Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism aided in the spread of written Chinese across East Asia, which also prompted the modification of central governments in Japan, Vietnam, and Korea. Written Chinese thus became the language of politicians and scholars, uniting the nations by means of transcribed communication. The Spread of Religious Systems The Religions Of India (2003) website states that a number of world religions originated in India, and others that started elsewhere found fertile ground for growth there (para. 5).The most prevalent religions of India include Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. As of 2011 there are an estimated 750 million followers of Hinduism, 350 million Buddhist, and 4. 2 million Jainism followers worldwide (para. 9). The spread of Buddhism, a branch of Hinduism, has spread and affected much of East Asia, including China. Indeed, Buddhism is the dominant religion of China, winning in popularity over Chinese born religions Confucianism and Taoism. It was in China, however, that Buddhism gained popularity and spread worldwide.Taoism, a religious philosophy formed by Tao-Te Ching, gained reputation and followers in the island nation of Japan more so than in China. However, it was during the same time period that Tao-Te Ching shaped Taoism that the more popular and politically excepted religion of Confucianism, created by Chinese philosopher Confucius, made way in China. The teachings and principles of Confucianism were quickly adopted by other Asian countries such as Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. The Effect of India and China on the Global Economy and Regional EconomicsSince the beginning of India and China’s history the two countries have had a large impact on the surrounding countries through import and export. Ancient Chinese history reveals historical national focus on industry, trade and commerce, and agriculture as key economic activities; requirements for a prosperous economy to flourish. Furthermore, the Silk Route (beginning in China) stretched 4,000 miles across Asia in order to trade resources with not only other Asian nations, but Europe as well. As of today China is the world’s second largest economy.Furthermore, China’s political history has aided in shaping modern Asia in several ways. Confucianism, for example, has played a large role in much of Asia’s political as well as social systems. Also, the Ch’in Dynasty began and formed the first functioning empire-a political system used in many parts of early Asia, but it wasn’t until the T’ang Dynasty that a more modern shape took place in Chinese politics when government officials were selected to aid the emperor in ruling the Chinese Empire.Lastly, the Chinese military system has greatly influenced the workings of other Asian nation’s military structure. India was the first Asian nation to fully adopt democracy (and is the world’s largest), with its neighbors trailing behind by forming similar political systems, such as Japan, which is a parliamentary representative democratic monarchy. Additionally, India became one of the original members of the United Nations and has continued to be active in UN debates.Economically the Spice Trade was the first trade route that connected imports and exports from Europe to Southern Asia. Moreover, India has continued to be a chief participant in global trade, and has excelled in their scientific accomplishments. States Jayati Ghosh, a professor of economics at Jawaharlal Nehru University, Indias growth [in the global market] is strongly related to internal and external liberalization measures that generated booms in some domestic economic activities (Ghosh, 2012).While the world has seen much change over the course of human history the impact of India and China has been tremendous in regards to many of Asia’s political systems, religions, and languages both verbal and written. Furthermore, the world has been affected by China and India’s booming economies of imports and exports, causing the indication of a new world power to become virtually eminent. Through further globalization as well as liberalization these two power-houses have nowhere to go but up in the economic hemisphere.

Project2 (Global Issues in Business and Economics ) Essay

Project2 (Global Issues in Business and Economics ) - Essay Example The company designs its operation in such a way that it provides great support to its pricing strategy. Actually it is found that in case of easyCar operation strategy and designing of processes are aligned with business strategy of the company. Its prime business strategy is to attract customer by offering low price and in order to support this strategy it designs its operation accordingly. For example, it is found that while in cases traditional car rental companies prime locations are situated within the airport complex of all major airports, the secondary and the nearby prime locations of easyCar are situated near train or bus stations where economic travelers are frequently found and where rent are used to be quite low. Not only that, easyCar also does not choose its location within airport complex, given its high cost nature, instead it selects nearby areas of airport for its location and thus can offer lower price compared to traditional car rental companies. ( Cateora and Gra ham, 2007; Saraswat, Nahar, and Karki, 2009) Unlike other traditional companies who focus on building larger and beautifully decorated facilities, often allowing customers to drive unlimited miles, and arranging a wide rage of cars within the fleet, easyCar generally build small and simple facilities in order to keep its cost at a low level. Not only that, it also provides one type of car per site as a result of which maintenance becomes much easier and customer service staff find it much easier to achieve very high rate of utilization as each car can be substituted for the other. easyCar also does not allow unlimited driving which play a major role in keeping costs at low level. ( Cateora and Graham, 2007; Saraswat, Nahar, and Karki, 2009) Customers use to have a very high involvement in the process in case of easyCar in the sense that before returning the car customers are asked to do a certain jobs like making a print out of the service contract bringing this to the company by th eir own, re-fill the car and cleaning it in order to bring it to ready-to-rent condition. All these lower the costs of easyCar. Not only that during the entire booking process this company extensively substitute people by technology in order to reduce labor costs. ( Cateora and Graham, 2007; Saraswat, Nahar, and Karki, 2009) The product/service in the global competitive market: The car rental industry has become very much attractive to the residents and businesses of Europe and America. Although, in less developed economies of Asia and Africa, the product or service has still not achieved a very prominent place in the transportation field, it has potential to become popular in these nation as well in near future for a number of factors. More and more market players will start to operate on a global platform. Actually, this industry offers the buyers of its products a sustainable and reasonably priced access to road transportation. Apart from this, this car rental industry also provi des an opportunity of having an early access to the trials of large varieties of low-carbon means of transport. Not only the residents and business houses, but also the tourists are increasingly becoming dependent on the car rental industry of Europe for their entire traveling schedule. easyCar is a viable competitor to taxis, buses and trains. The major reason that has made a tough competitor to buses, taxis and trains is its operational

Unit 3 discussion legal and Ethics Research Paper

Unit 3 discussion legal and Ethics - Research Paper Example They give directives on how to interact and gain confidence of culturally diverse clients and this is through becoming culturally sensitive about their culture. I will first of all conduct culture-centred research in order to understand the culture of the group from their linguistic to their cultural background in order to be culturally compliant (Lee, 2006). The case is of Cynthia who wants to go back to school and start her own career but her husband threatens to divorce her if she does so. The main dilemma is on whether to follow her dreams and go against her husband’s wishes and the culture of just continue feeling depressed and take care of her family (Corey, Corey and Callanan, 2010). Going against her husband will cause her to lose him but will have her happiness and obeying him will lead to more depression to an extent of not even being able to take care of her family. The family is important in this culture and so is obeying the husband because he is the head of the family. The best way to handle this is to make Cynthia be aware of the pros and cons in either of the decision and whether she is ready to handle the cons of her decision. Make her decide what will bring her utmost happiness while at the same time taking care of her children effectively without having to compromise much with the culture. This is walking her th rough her problems without making any decisions for her but letting her decide for herself

Continued Professional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Continued Professional Development - Essay Example On the other hand, PhD is designed to assist nurses to be tangled in research aimed at discovering new knowledge. DNP deals with courses such as evidence based practice and applied statistics, financial management, budget planning, health system transformation whereas on the PhD side courses such as philosophy of science, qualitative research methods chronic illness and care systems For a DNP, one can get health care administration in clinical nurse faculty and preparing nurses in management and health information technology to improve the care given. On the other hand, a PhD holder can work as a nurse scientist in the nursing faculty and carry out research to tackle issues that are arising in nursing discipline. Another difference between the two is the amount of time taken to complete each. A DNP course takes around 5 semesters to finish after a master’s degree whereas a PhD takes around 4-5 years depending on the learning mode of the university. From my point of view I would prefer to take a doctorate of nursing practice (DNP) because of its broad spectrum of finding good jobs and also my passion of helping the patients recover fast (

Effect of Macroeconomic on Stock Return

Effect of Macroeconomic on Stock Return This research paper is conducted to measure and analyze the effect of macroeconomic on stock return of industrial product sector as compared to performance of Kuala Lumpur Composite Index. Several variables will be used to identify the relationship between the dependant variable which are three pre-specified macroeconomic variables the term structure of recession, interest rate, exchange rate and stock price movement that might give impact to the independent variable which is listed stock of industrial product sectors components in Kuala Lumpur Composite Index. Holding Period Return method will be used to measure the impact dependent variables to independent variable in this research. Secondary data will be used for this research paper, which are about 50 companies in industrial product sectors components that listed in Kuala Lumpur Composite Index; will be acknowledged as the sample for the previous year period from 2005 until 2009 to measure the performance of the sector in economi c condition during the period. It is expected that during the period, the industrial sectors performance that listed in Bursa Malaysia maybe will be affected by the economic condition during the period which will give impact on their stock return. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION Macroeconomic and stock prices are difficult to predict most of the times. These changes it appears that reflect the shifting demand for that stock or changing facts that it because of expectations of a companys profitability or some of government policy that effect on stock. Therefore, investors speculate how stock are determined most of them will look for to inexpensive share or expensive share with low price earning. Shares in most large established corporations are listed on organized exchanges like the Bursa Malaysia or Shanghai Stock Exchange. Every time a stock is sold, the exchange records the price at which it changes hands. If, a few seconds or minutes later, another trade takes place, the price at which that trade is made becomes the new market price, and so on. Organized exchanges like the Bursa Malaysia will occasionally suspend trading in a stock if the price is excessively volatile and also must legalize trade according their regulation, if there is a severe difference between supply and demand or if they suspect that insiders are intentionally manipulating a stocks price. But in ordinary circumstances, nobody is on purpose to control price. The market price of a stock is basically the price at which a keen buyer and seller agree to trade. Price is volatile when the enormous volumes of stock traders are made awake of professional traders who buy and sell shares each and every one day long. Since these traders do not grab stocks over the long pull, they are not terribly interested in such long-term considerations as a companys profitability or the value of its assets. Or rather, they are interested in such factors mostly trusty as news that would affect a companys long-term prospects might cause other traders to buy the stock, causing its price to raise. If traders believe that others will buy shares, then he/she will buy as well, hoping to sell when the price rises. If others believe the same thing, then the wave of buying pressure will, in fact, cause the price to rise. This trend will continue forever. When we look back to the famous economist John Maynard Keynes which has revealed the economic principle had compared the stock market to a competition then popular in British tabloids, in which rival had to look at photos and choose the faces that other contestants would choose as the prettiest. Each contestant had to look for photos â€Å"likeliest to catch the imagination of the other competitors, all of whom be looking at the difficulty from the same point of observation. similarly, stock traders try to speculation which stocks other traders will buy. The successful trader is the one who anticipates and outfoxes the market, buying prior to a stocks price rises and selling before it falls. 1.0.1 Screening criteria of KLCI Investor can only invest in stocks through a stock exchange, an organized marketplace where stocks are bought and sold under strict rules, regulations and guidelines. KLCI has over 30 listed companies offering a wide range of investment choices to local and global investors. Companies are either listed on Bursa Malaysia Securities Main Market or ACE Market. The Stock Market was created by companies wishing to raise capital for their business. When someone says they have a listed company they indicate listed on Bursa Malaysia. All companies need cash to take advantage of growth opportunities. Many start-up companies however find themselves short of capital to fund expansion. One way to acquire this cash is to publicly float the company. This involves selling part of the company to private individual and institutional investors who are then able to freely exchange these stocks on an open market Most huge matter regarding to the criterias are, high market capitalization on stock itself, it reflects how much share have been issues and its price per share. Blue chip company is resistance to weak market and it has permanently growth for example nestle it has stable growth in term of profit and cash flow. 1.0.2 History of stock Market The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange which was incorporated on December 14, 1976 as a company limited by guarantee took over the operations of KLSEB in the same year. The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Berhad was demutualized pursuant to the Demutualization Act and converted into a public company limited by shares on January 5, 2007. Upon the conversion, the organization vested and transferred the securities exchange business to a new wholly-owned subsidiary, Bursa Securities, and became an exchange holding company and were renamed Bursa Malaysia Berhad on April 14, 2007. On 18 March 2005, Bursa Malaysia made its first appearance on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad. On 6 July 2009, the Composite Index has been replaced by FTSE Bursa Malaysia KLCI index which reflect the top 30 companies in the exchange. On 4 August 2009, the exchange has combined the main board and the second board into a single market which is called the Main Market. Mesdaq is also renamed into ACE market which provides lower listing requirements. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Every time a share in, say, nestle is traded for example, the new price is used to revalue all outstanding shares-just as the value of your home appreciates when the house down the block sells for more than a similar house sold last week. But the value of your home wouldnt be so high if every house on your block were suddenly put up for sale. Similarly, if all ten billion outstanding shares even a small fraction of them-were put up for sale, they wouldnt fetch anywhere near the current market price. (Pirie and Smith, 2003) have say that relationships between accounting information, book values and share prices have significant implications for share prices in Singapore. Foreign exchange rate and interest rate risks are important financial and economic factors affecting the value of common stocks. Research by (King and Wadhwani, 1990) found that the volatility transfer hypothesis suggests that random shocks can induce higher volatility in financial markets and because of contagion effects which are highest in more volatile markets, investors may look abroad to invest in alternative financial assets. This study was aimed to point out whether the stock price behaviors and macroeconomic variables such as foreign exchange rate and interest rate is reflected in listed company stock return in the KLCI or not. Because one of them is accounting factor and other are economic factor. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT The problem studied in this research is about the movement of the stock market and selected individual stock prices for investors usage. Caution should also be exercised in interpreting their results as the period of study includes the 2008 financial crises. It is possible that the severity of the crisis has influenced the statistical results. These papers empirically compares and see the share price of the companies before, during and after the recession and it covers only two macroeconomic factor that have give some effect to the stock return. During this period we will see the flow of the price movement in the market by using fifthly (50) listed company in property sector. Previous studies on stock market by Deshmukh et al (1983) banks can affect their exposure to interest rate and foreign exchange rate changes when they act as financial intermediaries for their clients. As such, their role as financial intermediaries can affect the sensitivity of investor assets and liabilities to interest rate and foreign exchange rate changes 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION This research is conducted to inquire: 1.3.1 If there any changes of stock return on listed KLCI industrial company effect of macroeconomic? 1.3.2 If there any changes of stock return on listed KLCI industrial company effect of volatile market share price? 1.3.3 Which investment could offer better stock return to investor if using Holding Period Return? 1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES This research is conducted to determine: 1.4.1 Macroeconomic factor have give impact to the stock return. 1.4.2 Changes of share price have give impact to the stock return. 1.4.3 The investment that could offer better performance using Holding Period Return. 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This research is an observed study upon the macroeconomic factors and changes of stock price that give impact to the stock return of industrial product listed in KLCI. The study is significance for researcher, government and investors. Researchers can be benefit from this study by the information and acknowledge they from the previous to the current and future trend of movement either macroeconomic factors and changes of stock price that give impact to the stock return. As for the government, they can assist in organizing and stabilizing the economy to make the market will always gain some profit to the investors in attract more investment to come to Malaysia. Investors will gain benefit by knowing the current condition of Malaysia stock market as well as the shares before they can invest their pool of money in Malaysia especially in the industrial company. 1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY Macroeconomic and share price is the environment in which all firms operate. The ability to forecast the macroeconomic and share price can translate into spectacular investment performance. Some of the key economic variables are inflation, interest rate and exchange rate. In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction, a general slowdown in economic activity over a period of time. During recessions, many macroeconomic indicators vary in a similar way. Production as measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment, investment spending, capacity utilization, household incomes, business profits and inflation all fall during recessions; while bankruptcies and the unemployment rate rise. Recessions are generally believed to be caused by a widespread drop in spending. Governments usually respond to recessions by adopting expansionary macroeconomic policies, such as increasing money supply, increasing government spending and decreasing taxation. High interest rates reduce the present value of future cash flow, thereby reducing the attractiveness of investment opportunities. For these reason, real interest rate are the key determinants of business investment expenditures because sensitive to interest rate affect to interest payment. The foreign exchange market or currency market or Forex is the market where one currency is traded for another. It is one of the largest markets in the world. Some of the participants in this market are simply seeking to exchange a foreign currency for their own, like multinational corporations which must pay wages and other expenses in different nations than they sell products in. However, a large part of the market is made up of currency traders, who speculate on movements in exchange rates, much like others would speculate on movements of stock prices. Currency traders try to take advantage of even small fluctuations in exchange rates. In the foreign exchange market there is little or no inside information. Exchange rate fluctuations are usually caused by actual monetary flows as well as anticipations on global macroeconomic conditions. Significant news is released publicly so, at least in theory, everyone in the world receives the same news at the same time. This study takes place in the subsistence of macroeconomic and changes of stock price in Malaysia as its field is the one to be explored. Moreover 50 listed companies were acknowledged as the sample for the previous five year period. The data of this research will be obtained from DataStream. 1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDY There are several drawbacks in pursuing this research. It includes: 1.7.1 Scope of study The research reference is restricted in the scope of Malaysia due to the field of study. As we know, Malaysia is an emerging country, thus the performance is still not matured compared with the developed countries, like the United States. 1.7.2 Period of the study This study is conducted by using the data from 2005 to 2009. Approximately 50 form 100 companies that listed in Bursa Malaysia, but not all the companies data was provided in that certain period. This constraint is affecting the calculation of portfolio performance. The length of the study also affected this study indirectly. This study used to use five years period of time. The result for five years study would be different if this study managed to use the longer period of time. 1.7.3 Secondary data In this study, we used the secondary data gathered from DataStream, Bursa Malaysia and the other articles references. Some of the data were not up to date to be the good references. For example, when we referred to Bursa Malaysia, some of the data is not currently in use and in DataStream; the problem was some of the data was not available (N/A). It became a limitation to the study because we cannot get the accurate result. 1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS 1.8.1 KLCI Kuala Lumpur Composite Index or Bursa Malaysia is place where all sector company list their stock to get capital gain from investor that buy their stock. 1.9 SUMMARY There are many reason why this research been conduct but to know the real effect to the stock return many variable been use to meet the objective. For example interest rate, exchange rate, recession and stock price movement is the variables that have effect to the company or investor stock return. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, behavior and decision-making of the entire economy, be that a national, regional, or the global economy. Along with microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics. Researcher study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. Macroeconomists develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflation, savings, investment, international trade and international finance. In contrast, microeconomics is primarily focused on the actions of individual agents, such as firms and consumers, and how their behavior determines prices and quantities in specific markets. 2.1 GENERAL LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.1 MACROECONOMICS The effect of macroeconomic fundamentals on stock market volatility has generated a lot of interest. Research by Liljeblom and Stenius (1997) find that it is argued that if the value of corporate equity on the whole depends on the health of the economy, then uncertainty in macroeconomic conditions would affect volatility in stock returns assuming consistent discount rates. Studies have also shown that stock market volatility is driven by uncertainty in macroeconomic fundamentals Fama (1981, 1990), Fama and French (1989) and Chen et al. (1986). It is argued that there is an inverse relationship between interest rates and stock returns. Thorbecke (1997) and Smal and de Jager (2001) observe that a reduction in interest rates induces an injection of liquidity into the economy. This extra liquidity could be channeled to the stock market, driving up the demand and prices of stocks. Patelis (1997) notes that interest rate changes are helpful in predicting stock market returns over a long period. Thus, there is evidence to conclude that interest rate policies should also target stock market price movements. Goodfriend (2003) also notes that, since there is no stable correlation between stock-price returns and short-term interest rates, it would be difficult for interest rates to target stock-price changes appropriately. Bernanke and Kuttner (2003) also note that stock markets do not react much to interest rate changes. Throughout the years, the global economy has been transformed from a simplified financial architecture to a complex intertwined set of financial systems. From the Bretton Woods system to the advent of flexible exchange rate systems in 1973 until the present days, the environment of international markets had experienced substantial changes in the form of excessive variability in exchange rates, greater capital mobility and punctuated by a series of financial crises worldwide in recent years. Meese (1990) who studied the currency fluctuations in the post-Bretton Woods era found that the changes of macroeconomic variables alone could not explain major currencies movements. MacDonald and Taylor (1994) however noticed relationships between macroeconomic variables and exchange rate. A recent study by Rapach and Wohar (2002) meanwhile produced mixed results for the monetary model of exchange rate determination. In December, 2007 economic recession that began in the United States spread much of the industrialized world, and has caused a uncertainty of economic activity. This global recession has been taking place in an economic environment characterized by various imbalances and was sparked by the outbreak of the financial crisis of 2007–2009. However, Mitchell and Netter (1989) argue that the three-day decline preceding the crash was a large enough decline that it became the fundamental news and that shook the market. The theoretical model of Jacklin et al. (1992) (among others) shows how a surprise significant drop in the market could have provided information to the market that would directly lead to a crash. Among all macroeconomic factor stock price movement is also effect by changes in economic environments. CRR (1986) results are tested to see whether the factors priced in the US market are applicable in Turkey stock market, with adding new variable unemployment rate, because we expected a relation with the stock returns. 2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Four factors are selected to test the relationships of these factors and stock return. The factors are recession, interest rate, exchange rate and stock price movement. 2.2.1 Recession Recession is one of the macroeconomic factors that effect to the listed company stock return in KLCI. Some of the researcher say that recession have give negative impact to stock return but some researcher found that recession is no relation with stock price. CRR (1986) shown that the tested macroeconomic variables do not affect the share price in the UK stock market. 2.2.2 Exchange Rate. Exchange rate is most been use by investor to do transaction to buy stock in market, because of that exchange rate is consider one of the factors that effect to the stock return. Movements of exchange rate are always a concern for various parties. In international currency markets, exchange rate plays a significant role and the variability of exchange rate, whichever way it sways, tends to give a significant impact on the economy. 2.2.3 Interest Rate. Interest rate also one of the factor that give impact to the stock return because some researcher say that interest rate give negative impact to the stock return. Anthony Kyereboah-Coleman and Kwame F. Agyire-Tettey (2008) mention that there negative real interest rates for extended period. 2.2.4 Stock Price Movement. Stock price move is most related to the stock return because every time changes in stock price effect to the outcome of stock return for investor investment but some of the researcher say that there is no effect on stock return. For example Martinez and Rubio (1989) tested the Spanish market return and they found that there were no significant pricing relationship between stock returns and the macroeconomic variables. 2.3 SUMMARY Literature review is the part where it shows where it show whether the variable will be strongly acceptance or not. From the previous study that has been done it has shown that, most of the variable has its own importance not only in affecting some issue but also in solving it. This literature reviews shows the effect of this study on the stock return as the dependent. It also has many researches done with the difference result. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY AND DATA 3.0 INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses the research methodology used in the study. Methodology is one the important method that had been use to test the hypothesis on this study in order to get the finding at the end of the study. Research design and research methodology is most of the important part for this study since it provide a lot of useful information on how to get the data, how to conduct the survey and provide additional information in order to get better result and finding for this study. This chapter explains how the data for conduct the study is collected and carried out. It also explain on the method that is going to be use to get the finding at the end of the study. It also focus on the data sources, sample involved in the study and the methodology to be use in this study. In this study the variables that had been used was economic recession, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price which collected on the monthly basis for the period of 5 years ended in December 2005 until December 2009. This study consists of 50-industrial product firm and using time series period from 2005 to 2009. Focus for this study was more on the Regression Model analysis to test the finding. Since this study was investigate and identify the relationship between macroeconomic and stock price movement to profitability so using the regression data analysis model had done it for the past 5 years.. There are several key items such as data collection method, sampling frame, sources of data, variables and measurement, research design, theoretical framework, hypothesis statement, data analysis, and treatment which will clarify in detail in this chapter. 3.1 DATA COLLECTION The price indices at monthly frequency are collected for sectors in Bursa Malaysia: industrial product sector. All the closing prices of these sector indices sourced from the secondary data from Thomson Financial DataStream over five-year period from year 2005 to year 2009 (5 years). Meanwhile, for the independent variables of recession rate, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price will be extracted from Thomson Financial DataStream and Bank Negara Malaysia official release. 3.2 SAMPLING FRAME To secure an acceptable result, this study decided to use 50 samples out of all companies that went public and were listed on the second board within year 2005 to 2009. The decision to use this sample was due to the inability to collect more data due to the time constrain during research. Furthermore, this study wants to see the stock return for investor in industrial product sector. And at the same time, it also wants to observe the relationship between recession rate, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price. 3.3 SOURCES OF DATA The selected 50 stock sample being chose from the main board of BM KLCI .The data are collected on monthly actual stock price was collected from the Thomson Financial DataStream, which is provided the information about the companies financial situations over years. Each stock is already being issued from the companies issued until today. These samples were represented by 50 companies from the industrial product sector. 3.4 VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENT There are two types variables has been used in this study there are; the dependent and the independent variables. 3.4.1 Dependent Variables The dependent variable for this study is stock return of each company industrial product sector. 3.4.2 Independent Variables The independent variables will be measured by recession rate, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price. 3.5 RESEARCH DESIGN This research is designed to see the relationship between dependent variable with independent variables. In this study, it analysis in hypotheses testing that will explain the certain significant correlations between KLIBOR and Treasury Bills rates and the stock performance 3.5.1 Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between all the dependent and independent variable. By using descriptive study can know relationship between both of variable. Descriptive study will be able to describe the characteristics of the variable of the situation. By using data from DataStream would be able to compare monthly return for each of the companies. Besides that, this study also can help investor to make decision making and offer the idea for future problem and research. 3.5.2 Types of Investigation The study involved the correlation study types of investigation. The study involves determining the important variable associated with the situation. The important variable is between the recession rate, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price. Correlation studies done in the study are called field studies. This studies will conducted to establish cause and effect to the stock return using the same measurement in the market are called field experiments. The experiment done to establish the cause and affect of the studies so that can make corrective action to make any decision in the investment. 3.5.3 Unit of Analysis In this study, the unit of analysis is group of company and also industry. The group of company that involve fifthly (50) of the properties companies that has been selected in the main board of BM KLCI. The companies selected depend on the year of the companies is establish. The industry that has been selected is recession rate, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price will be compare with the return of each companies return during 5 years. 3.5.4 Time Horizon This study will be use cross-sectional studies to make the research. A study will be done with the monthly data are gathered over five years (5) from year 2005 to 2009, in order to get the result about these studies. 3.6 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Research studies indicate that relationship between KLIBOR and Treasury Bills rates and stock performance. Dependent variable: Effect of company Stock Return Independent variables: Recession rate, Exchange rate, Interest rate and Stock Price Movement. Figure 1: Schematic Diagram (Relationship Diagram) Independent Dependent Company Stock return listed in KLCI Stock price movement Interest rate Exchange rate Recession rate According to the schematic diagram above, it can be explaining relationship between stock return with Recession rate, Exchange rate, Interest rate and Stock Price Movement. 3.7 DATA ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT Multiple Linear Regression Model are the statistical tools that been use in this study. This model analysis examine about simultaneous effect between Recession rate, Exchange rate, Interest rate and Stock Price Movement (independent variable) Stock Return (dependent variable) which variable give biggest effect on the dependent variable. Where; Y = Dependent variable which represent Actual Stock Performance = The constant number of equation = Coefficient Beta value = Independent variable which represent Recession rate = Independent variable which represent Exchange rate = Independent variable which represent Interest rate = Error r = (EV – BV) + DIV X 100 BVStock price movement will be measure in Holding Period Return to determine the effect on stock return Where; r = Represent Rate of return EV = Represent Ending Value or end of stock price BV = Represent Beginning Value or beginning of stock price DIV = Represent income or dividend of company 3.8 HYPOTHESIS STATEMENT Some changes will affect the each stock return to the companies. By changing the stock price will affect the return to the companies its self its might be go higher or lower than what it expected will be. To analysis and to test whether this is applicable to the Malaysian Stock Market, the hypothesis has been developing. Hypothesis 1 H0 = Company stock return in industrial product sector outperform than KLCI H1 = Company stock return in industrial product sector underperform than KLCI Hypothesis 2 H0 = Macroeconomic factor does has significant impact in stock return of each company in industrial product sector in KLCI H1 = Macroeconomic factor does not has significant impact in stock return of each industrial product sector in KLCI Hypothesis 3 H0 = Stock price movement does has significant impact in stock return of each industrial product sector in KLCI H1 = Stock price movement does not has significant impact in stock return of each industrial product sector in KLCI SUMMARY This study will be measure according the objective that has been established in earlier chapter. This research can be use to help investors to make the investment decision. Its because this studies focuses on the data from year 2005 until year2009, it will give better overview of each of the properties company in order to take any corrective action in facing the problem and also overcoming the problem in the current situation to make an investment decision. Effect of Macroeconomic on Stock Return Effect of Macroeconomic on Stock Return This research paper is conducted to measure and analyze the effect of macroeconomic on stock return of industrial product sector as compared to performance of Kuala Lumpur Composite Index. Several variables will be used to identify the relationship between the dependant variable which are three pre-specified macroeconomic variables the term structure of recession, interest rate, exchange rate and stock price movement that might give impact to the independent variable which is listed stock of industrial product sectors components in Kuala Lumpur Composite Index. Holding Period Return method will be used to measure the impact dependent variables to independent variable in this research. Secondary data will be used for this research paper, which are about 50 companies in industrial product sectors components that listed in Kuala Lumpur Composite Index; will be acknowledged as the sample for the previous year period from 2005 until 2009 to measure the performance of the sector in economi c condition during the period. It is expected that during the period, the industrial sectors performance that listed in Bursa Malaysia maybe will be affected by the economic condition during the period which will give impact on their stock return. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION Macroeconomic and stock prices are difficult to predict most of the times. These changes it appears that reflect the shifting demand for that stock or changing facts that it because of expectations of a companys profitability or some of government policy that effect on stock. Therefore, investors speculate how stock are determined most of them will look for to inexpensive share or expensive share with low price earning. Shares in most large established corporations are listed on organized exchanges like the Bursa Malaysia or Shanghai Stock Exchange. Every time a stock is sold, the exchange records the price at which it changes hands. If, a few seconds or minutes later, another trade takes place, the price at which that trade is made becomes the new market price, and so on. Organized exchanges like the Bursa Malaysia will occasionally suspend trading in a stock if the price is excessively volatile and also must legalize trade according their regulation, if there is a severe difference between supply and demand or if they suspect that insiders are intentionally manipulating a stocks price. But in ordinary circumstances, nobody is on purpose to control price. The market price of a stock is basically the price at which a keen buyer and seller agree to trade. Price is volatile when the enormous volumes of stock traders are made awake of professional traders who buy and sell shares each and every one day long. Since these traders do not grab stocks over the long pull, they are not terribly interested in such long-term considerations as a companys profitability or the value of its assets. Or rather, they are interested in such factors mostly trusty as news that would affect a companys long-term prospects might cause other traders to buy the stock, causing its price to raise. If traders believe that others will buy shares, then he/she will buy as well, hoping to sell when the price rises. If others believe the same thing, then the wave of buying pressure will, in fact, cause the price to rise. This trend will continue forever. When we look back to the famous economist John Maynard Keynes which has revealed the economic principle had compared the stock market to a competition then popular in British tabloids, in which rival had to look at photos and choose the faces that other contestants would choose as the prettiest. Each contestant had to look for photos â€Å"likeliest to catch the imagination of the other competitors, all of whom be looking at the difficulty from the same point of observation. similarly, stock traders try to speculation which stocks other traders will buy. The successful trader is the one who anticipates and outfoxes the market, buying prior to a stocks price rises and selling before it falls. 1.0.1 Screening criteria of KLCI Investor can only invest in stocks through a stock exchange, an organized marketplace where stocks are bought and sold under strict rules, regulations and guidelines. KLCI has over 30 listed companies offering a wide range of investment choices to local and global investors. Companies are either listed on Bursa Malaysia Securities Main Market or ACE Market. The Stock Market was created by companies wishing to raise capital for their business. When someone says they have a listed company they indicate listed on Bursa Malaysia. All companies need cash to take advantage of growth opportunities. Many start-up companies however find themselves short of capital to fund expansion. One way to acquire this cash is to publicly float the company. This involves selling part of the company to private individual and institutional investors who are then able to freely exchange these stocks on an open market Most huge matter regarding to the criterias are, high market capitalization on stock itself, it reflects how much share have been issues and its price per share. Blue chip company is resistance to weak market and it has permanently growth for example nestle it has stable growth in term of profit and cash flow. 1.0.2 History of stock Market The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange which was incorporated on December 14, 1976 as a company limited by guarantee took over the operations of KLSEB in the same year. The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Berhad was demutualized pursuant to the Demutualization Act and converted into a public company limited by shares on January 5, 2007. Upon the conversion, the organization vested and transferred the securities exchange business to a new wholly-owned subsidiary, Bursa Securities, and became an exchange holding company and were renamed Bursa Malaysia Berhad on April 14, 2007. On 18 March 2005, Bursa Malaysia made its first appearance on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad. On 6 July 2009, the Composite Index has been replaced by FTSE Bursa Malaysia KLCI index which reflect the top 30 companies in the exchange. On 4 August 2009, the exchange has combined the main board and the second board into a single market which is called the Main Market. Mesdaq is also renamed into ACE market which provides lower listing requirements. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Every time a share in, say, nestle is traded for example, the new price is used to revalue all outstanding shares-just as the value of your home appreciates when the house down the block sells for more than a similar house sold last week. But the value of your home wouldnt be so high if every house on your block were suddenly put up for sale. Similarly, if all ten billion outstanding shares even a small fraction of them-were put up for sale, they wouldnt fetch anywhere near the current market price. (Pirie and Smith, 2003) have say that relationships between accounting information, book values and share prices have significant implications for share prices in Singapore. Foreign exchange rate and interest rate risks are important financial and economic factors affecting the value of common stocks. Research by (King and Wadhwani, 1990) found that the volatility transfer hypothesis suggests that random shocks can induce higher volatility in financial markets and because of contagion effects which are highest in more volatile markets, investors may look abroad to invest in alternative financial assets. This study was aimed to point out whether the stock price behaviors and macroeconomic variables such as foreign exchange rate and interest rate is reflected in listed company stock return in the KLCI or not. Because one of them is accounting factor and other are economic factor. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT The problem studied in this research is about the movement of the stock market and selected individual stock prices for investors usage. Caution should also be exercised in interpreting their results as the period of study includes the 2008 financial crises. It is possible that the severity of the crisis has influenced the statistical results. These papers empirically compares and see the share price of the companies before, during and after the recession and it covers only two macroeconomic factor that have give some effect to the stock return. During this period we will see the flow of the price movement in the market by using fifthly (50) listed company in property sector. Previous studies on stock market by Deshmukh et al (1983) banks can affect their exposure to interest rate and foreign exchange rate changes when they act as financial intermediaries for their clients. As such, their role as financial intermediaries can affect the sensitivity of investor assets and liabilities to interest rate and foreign exchange rate changes 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION This research is conducted to inquire: 1.3.1 If there any changes of stock return on listed KLCI industrial company effect of macroeconomic? 1.3.2 If there any changes of stock return on listed KLCI industrial company effect of volatile market share price? 1.3.3 Which investment could offer better stock return to investor if using Holding Period Return? 1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES This research is conducted to determine: 1.4.1 Macroeconomic factor have give impact to the stock return. 1.4.2 Changes of share price have give impact to the stock return. 1.4.3 The investment that could offer better performance using Holding Period Return. 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This research is an observed study upon the macroeconomic factors and changes of stock price that give impact to the stock return of industrial product listed in KLCI. The study is significance for researcher, government and investors. Researchers can be benefit from this study by the information and acknowledge they from the previous to the current and future trend of movement either macroeconomic factors and changes of stock price that give impact to the stock return. As for the government, they can assist in organizing and stabilizing the economy to make the market will always gain some profit to the investors in attract more investment to come to Malaysia. Investors will gain benefit by knowing the current condition of Malaysia stock market as well as the shares before they can invest their pool of money in Malaysia especially in the industrial company. 1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY Macroeconomic and share price is the environment in which all firms operate. The ability to forecast the macroeconomic and share price can translate into spectacular investment performance. Some of the key economic variables are inflation, interest rate and exchange rate. In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction, a general slowdown in economic activity over a period of time. During recessions, many macroeconomic indicators vary in a similar way. Production as measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment, investment spending, capacity utilization, household incomes, business profits and inflation all fall during recessions; while bankruptcies and the unemployment rate rise. Recessions are generally believed to be caused by a widespread drop in spending. Governments usually respond to recessions by adopting expansionary macroeconomic policies, such as increasing money supply, increasing government spending and decreasing taxation. High interest rates reduce the present value of future cash flow, thereby reducing the attractiveness of investment opportunities. For these reason, real interest rate are the key determinants of business investment expenditures because sensitive to interest rate affect to interest payment. The foreign exchange market or currency market or Forex is the market where one currency is traded for another. It is one of the largest markets in the world. Some of the participants in this market are simply seeking to exchange a foreign currency for their own, like multinational corporations which must pay wages and other expenses in different nations than they sell products in. However, a large part of the market is made up of currency traders, who speculate on movements in exchange rates, much like others would speculate on movements of stock prices. Currency traders try to take advantage of even small fluctuations in exchange rates. In the foreign exchange market there is little or no inside information. Exchange rate fluctuations are usually caused by actual monetary flows as well as anticipations on global macroeconomic conditions. Significant news is released publicly so, at least in theory, everyone in the world receives the same news at the same time. This study takes place in the subsistence of macroeconomic and changes of stock price in Malaysia as its field is the one to be explored. Moreover 50 listed companies were acknowledged as the sample for the previous five year period. The data of this research will be obtained from DataStream. 1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDY There are several drawbacks in pursuing this research. It includes: 1.7.1 Scope of study The research reference is restricted in the scope of Malaysia due to the field of study. As we know, Malaysia is an emerging country, thus the performance is still not matured compared with the developed countries, like the United States. 1.7.2 Period of the study This study is conducted by using the data from 2005 to 2009. Approximately 50 form 100 companies that listed in Bursa Malaysia, but not all the companies data was provided in that certain period. This constraint is affecting the calculation of portfolio performance. The length of the study also affected this study indirectly. This study used to use five years period of time. The result for five years study would be different if this study managed to use the longer period of time. 1.7.3 Secondary data In this study, we used the secondary data gathered from DataStream, Bursa Malaysia and the other articles references. Some of the data were not up to date to be the good references. For example, when we referred to Bursa Malaysia, some of the data is not currently in use and in DataStream; the problem was some of the data was not available (N/A). It became a limitation to the study because we cannot get the accurate result. 1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS 1.8.1 KLCI Kuala Lumpur Composite Index or Bursa Malaysia is place where all sector company list their stock to get capital gain from investor that buy their stock. 1.9 SUMMARY There are many reason why this research been conduct but to know the real effect to the stock return many variable been use to meet the objective. For example interest rate, exchange rate, recession and stock price movement is the variables that have effect to the company or investor stock return. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, behavior and decision-making of the entire economy, be that a national, regional, or the global economy. Along with microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics. Researcher study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. Macroeconomists develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflation, savings, investment, international trade and international finance. In contrast, microeconomics is primarily focused on the actions of individual agents, such as firms and consumers, and how their behavior determines prices and quantities in specific markets. 2.1 GENERAL LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.1 MACROECONOMICS The effect of macroeconomic fundamentals on stock market volatility has generated a lot of interest. Research by Liljeblom and Stenius (1997) find that it is argued that if the value of corporate equity on the whole depends on the health of the economy, then uncertainty in macroeconomic conditions would affect volatility in stock returns assuming consistent discount rates. Studies have also shown that stock market volatility is driven by uncertainty in macroeconomic fundamentals Fama (1981, 1990), Fama and French (1989) and Chen et al. (1986). It is argued that there is an inverse relationship between interest rates and stock returns. Thorbecke (1997) and Smal and de Jager (2001) observe that a reduction in interest rates induces an injection of liquidity into the economy. This extra liquidity could be channeled to the stock market, driving up the demand and prices of stocks. Patelis (1997) notes that interest rate changes are helpful in predicting stock market returns over a long period. Thus, there is evidence to conclude that interest rate policies should also target stock market price movements. Goodfriend (2003) also notes that, since there is no stable correlation between stock-price returns and short-term interest rates, it would be difficult for interest rates to target stock-price changes appropriately. Bernanke and Kuttner (2003) also note that stock markets do not react much to interest rate changes. Throughout the years, the global economy has been transformed from a simplified financial architecture to a complex intertwined set of financial systems. From the Bretton Woods system to the advent of flexible exchange rate systems in 1973 until the present days, the environment of international markets had experienced substantial changes in the form of excessive variability in exchange rates, greater capital mobility and punctuated by a series of financial crises worldwide in recent years. Meese (1990) who studied the currency fluctuations in the post-Bretton Woods era found that the changes of macroeconomic variables alone could not explain major currencies movements. MacDonald and Taylor (1994) however noticed relationships between macroeconomic variables and exchange rate. A recent study by Rapach and Wohar (2002) meanwhile produced mixed results for the monetary model of exchange rate determination. In December, 2007 economic recession that began in the United States spread much of the industrialized world, and has caused a uncertainty of economic activity. This global recession has been taking place in an economic environment characterized by various imbalances and was sparked by the outbreak of the financial crisis of 2007–2009. However, Mitchell and Netter (1989) argue that the three-day decline preceding the crash was a large enough decline that it became the fundamental news and that shook the market. The theoretical model of Jacklin et al. (1992) (among others) shows how a surprise significant drop in the market could have provided information to the market that would directly lead to a crash. Among all macroeconomic factor stock price movement is also effect by changes in economic environments. CRR (1986) results are tested to see whether the factors priced in the US market are applicable in Turkey stock market, with adding new variable unemployment rate, because we expected a relation with the stock returns. 2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Four factors are selected to test the relationships of these factors and stock return. The factors are recession, interest rate, exchange rate and stock price movement. 2.2.1 Recession Recession is one of the macroeconomic factors that effect to the listed company stock return in KLCI. Some of the researcher say that recession have give negative impact to stock return but some researcher found that recession is no relation with stock price. CRR (1986) shown that the tested macroeconomic variables do not affect the share price in the UK stock market. 2.2.2 Exchange Rate. Exchange rate is most been use by investor to do transaction to buy stock in market, because of that exchange rate is consider one of the factors that effect to the stock return. Movements of exchange rate are always a concern for various parties. In international currency markets, exchange rate plays a significant role and the variability of exchange rate, whichever way it sways, tends to give a significant impact on the economy. 2.2.3 Interest Rate. Interest rate also one of the factor that give impact to the stock return because some researcher say that interest rate give negative impact to the stock return. Anthony Kyereboah-Coleman and Kwame F. Agyire-Tettey (2008) mention that there negative real interest rates for extended period. 2.2.4 Stock Price Movement. Stock price move is most related to the stock return because every time changes in stock price effect to the outcome of stock return for investor investment but some of the researcher say that there is no effect on stock return. For example Martinez and Rubio (1989) tested the Spanish market return and they found that there were no significant pricing relationship between stock returns and the macroeconomic variables. 2.3 SUMMARY Literature review is the part where it shows where it show whether the variable will be strongly acceptance or not. From the previous study that has been done it has shown that, most of the variable has its own importance not only in affecting some issue but also in solving it. This literature reviews shows the effect of this study on the stock return as the dependent. It also has many researches done with the difference result. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY AND DATA 3.0 INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses the research methodology used in the study. Methodology is one the important method that had been use to test the hypothesis on this study in order to get the finding at the end of the study. Research design and research methodology is most of the important part for this study since it provide a lot of useful information on how to get the data, how to conduct the survey and provide additional information in order to get better result and finding for this study. This chapter explains how the data for conduct the study is collected and carried out. It also explain on the method that is going to be use to get the finding at the end of the study. It also focus on the data sources, sample involved in the study and the methodology to be use in this study. In this study the variables that had been used was economic recession, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price which collected on the monthly basis for the period of 5 years ended in December 2005 until December 2009. This study consists of 50-industrial product firm and using time series period from 2005 to 2009. Focus for this study was more on the Regression Model analysis to test the finding. Since this study was investigate and identify the relationship between macroeconomic and stock price movement to profitability so using the regression data analysis model had done it for the past 5 years.. There are several key items such as data collection method, sampling frame, sources of data, variables and measurement, research design, theoretical framework, hypothesis statement, data analysis, and treatment which will clarify in detail in this chapter. 3.1 DATA COLLECTION The price indices at monthly frequency are collected for sectors in Bursa Malaysia: industrial product sector. All the closing prices of these sector indices sourced from the secondary data from Thomson Financial DataStream over five-year period from year 2005 to year 2009 (5 years). Meanwhile, for the independent variables of recession rate, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price will be extracted from Thomson Financial DataStream and Bank Negara Malaysia official release. 3.2 SAMPLING FRAME To secure an acceptable result, this study decided to use 50 samples out of all companies that went public and were listed on the second board within year 2005 to 2009. The decision to use this sample was due to the inability to collect more data due to the time constrain during research. Furthermore, this study wants to see the stock return for investor in industrial product sector. And at the same time, it also wants to observe the relationship between recession rate, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price. 3.3 SOURCES OF DATA The selected 50 stock sample being chose from the main board of BM KLCI .The data are collected on monthly actual stock price was collected from the Thomson Financial DataStream, which is provided the information about the companies financial situations over years. Each stock is already being issued from the companies issued until today. These samples were represented by 50 companies from the industrial product sector. 3.4 VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENT There are two types variables has been used in this study there are; the dependent and the independent variables. 3.4.1 Dependent Variables The dependent variable for this study is stock return of each company industrial product sector. 3.4.2 Independent Variables The independent variables will be measured by recession rate, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price. 3.5 RESEARCH DESIGN This research is designed to see the relationship between dependent variable with independent variables. In this study, it analysis in hypotheses testing that will explain the certain significant correlations between KLIBOR and Treasury Bills rates and the stock performance 3.5.1 Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between all the dependent and independent variable. By using descriptive study can know relationship between both of variable. Descriptive study will be able to describe the characteristics of the variable of the situation. By using data from DataStream would be able to compare monthly return for each of the companies. Besides that, this study also can help investor to make decision making and offer the idea for future problem and research. 3.5.2 Types of Investigation The study involved the correlation study types of investigation. The study involves determining the important variable associated with the situation. The important variable is between the recession rate, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price. Correlation studies done in the study are called field studies. This studies will conducted to establish cause and effect to the stock return using the same measurement in the market are called field experiments. The experiment done to establish the cause and affect of the studies so that can make corrective action to make any decision in the investment. 3.5.3 Unit of Analysis In this study, the unit of analysis is group of company and also industry. The group of company that involve fifthly (50) of the properties companies that has been selected in the main board of BM KLCI. The companies selected depend on the year of the companies is establish. The industry that has been selected is recession rate, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price will be compare with the return of each companies return during 5 years. 3.5.4 Time Horizon This study will be use cross-sectional studies to make the research. A study will be done with the monthly data are gathered over five years (5) from year 2005 to 2009, in order to get the result about these studies. 3.6 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Research studies indicate that relationship between KLIBOR and Treasury Bills rates and stock performance. Dependent variable: Effect of company Stock Return Independent variables: Recession rate, Exchange rate, Interest rate and Stock Price Movement. Figure 1: Schematic Diagram (Relationship Diagram) Independent Dependent Company Stock return listed in KLCI Stock price movement Interest rate Exchange rate Recession rate According to the schematic diagram above, it can be explaining relationship between stock return with Recession rate, Exchange rate, Interest rate and Stock Price Movement. 3.7 DATA ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT Multiple Linear Regression Model are the statistical tools that been use in this study. This model analysis examine about simultaneous effect between Recession rate, Exchange rate, Interest rate and Stock Price Movement (independent variable) Stock Return (dependent variable) which variable give biggest effect on the dependent variable. Where; Y = Dependent variable which represent Actual Stock Performance = The constant number of equation = Coefficient Beta value = Independent variable which represent Recession rate = Independent variable which represent Exchange rate = Independent variable which represent Interest rate = Error r = (EV – BV) + DIV X 100 BVStock price movement will be measure in Holding Period Return to determine the effect on stock return Where; r = Represent Rate of return EV = Represent Ending Value or end of stock price BV = Represent Beginning Value or beginning of stock price DIV = Represent income or dividend of company 3.8 HYPOTHESIS STATEMENT Some changes will affect the each stock return to the companies. By changing the stock price will affect the return to the companies its self its might be go higher or lower than what it expected will be. To analysis and to test whether this is applicable to the Malaysian Stock Market, the hypothesis has been developing. Hypothesis 1 H0 = Company stock return in industrial product sector outperform than KLCI H1 = Company stock return in industrial product sector underperform than KLCI Hypothesis 2 H0 = Macroeconomic factor does has significant impact in stock return of each company in industrial product sector in KLCI H1 = Macroeconomic factor does not has significant impact in stock return of each industrial product sector in KLCI Hypothesis 3 H0 = Stock price movement does has significant impact in stock return of each industrial product sector in KLCI H1 = Stock price movement does not has significant impact in stock return of each industrial product sector in KLCI SUMMARY This study will be measure according the objective that has been established in earlier chapter. This research can be use to help investors to make the investment decision. Its because this studies focuses on the data from year 2005 until year2009, it will give better overview of each of the properties company in order to take any corrective action in facing the problem and also overcoming the problem in the current situation to make an investment decision.